📄️ Explaining Where Things Are
You bump into a frantic Japanese person. New to the city and late for a heist, he asks you frantically 銀行はどこですか。 'Where's the bank?'.
📄️ Going Place to Do Things (に行く)
With verb stems you can create compounds with verbs of motion such as 行く and 来る.
📄️ Here, There, Over There with ここ, そこ & あそこ
ここ, そこ & あそこ are used to mean 'here', 'there' and 'over there' in Japanese. They are words used to describe space and place.
📄️ Specifying Objects with この, その & あの
この, その and あの are closely related in function to これ, それ and あれ.
📄️ The Presence of Things: があります and がいます
If you want to say 'there is such and such over there', or 'there are X people in a room' then you'll need があります and がいます. These verbs are used to denote the presence (or lack of) of a thing.
📄️ This Thing, That thing with これ, それ & あれ
In English, when talking about unnamed things - either because we don't know the word for that thing, or because it is deliberately omitted - we use the words 'this' and 'that'.